Scots Pines once dominated the landscape of Scotland, part of the vast Caledonian Forest which began to spread some 10,000 years ago after the end of the last ice age. Now only one per cent of the original forest remains in more than 80 pockets scattered mainly across the Highlands. Conservationists say there is an urgent need to improve the protection of these forests as climate change and threats from disease intensify. A new study from the James Hutton Institute in Aberdeen has revealed the environmental importance of preserving native woodlands. The research suggests the Scots pine alone supports nearly 1,600 separate species, including 227 that rely on it entirely. “Very few other tree species will support that range of biodiversity,” said Dr Ruth Mitchell, who led the study. “Species that use Scots pine include birds, mosses, lichens, fungi and invertebrates.”