Daily News for May 09, 2025

Today’s Takeaway

US stops tracking weather disasters fuelled by climate change

Tree Frog Forestry News
May 9, 2025
Category: Today's Takeaway

The US will no longer track climate change-fuelled weathers disasters, including floods and wildfires. In related news: a new study says climate-fuelled wildfires contributed to US deaths; new data says CO2 emissions are levelling off but still rising; BC groups seek to drive the transition to wood-based biomass energy; Nova Scotia accelerates its clean energy reviews; and Michigan opens a new biomass facility in Grand Rapids.

In Business news: the US Lumber Coalition pans BC Premier Eby’s suggestion for a US-Canada resolution on softwood lumber; a podcast on America’s insatiable appetite for lumber; and how the EU deforestation law aggravates the US. Meanwhile: fibre shortages create downtime at two Tolko Okanagan mills; Minnesota’s Beltrami County approves West Fraser’s mill upgrade plan; Interfor reports Q1 net loss of $35 million; and the UPM Plywood strikes in Finland are ending.

Finally, can Carney’s prefab solution solve Canada’s housing crisis? Its complicated.

Kelly McCloskey, Tree Frog News Editor

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Business & Politics

Can Carney’s $26bn prefab housing solution solve Canada’s housing crisis?

By Candyd Mendoza
Canadian Mortgage Professional
May 9, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada

Now that the Liberals have secured another term in office, the big question is whether they can deliver on their ambitious promises, particularly a $26 billion push into prefabricated homes through a new agency called Build Canada Homes (BCH). The plan includes $25 billion in debt financing and $1 billion in equity for Canada’s prefab and modular homebuilders. The goal is to cut construction times by as much as 50%, reduce costs by 20%, and lower emissions by 22% compared to traditional building, while using Canadian technologies like mass timber and softwood lumber. BCH also plans to issue bulk orders to manufacturers, aiming to create steady demand and boost apprenticeships to strengthen the skilled trades workforce. …A problem, Kevin Lee, CEO of the Canadian Home Builders’ Association explained, is that Canada’s housing market is prone to dramatic ups and downs. Prefab requires large upfront investments in facilities and overhead, and that’s risky when market demand fluctuates. 

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B.C. ‘engine’ driving newly sovereign Canada: Eby after First Ministers’ meeting

By Lauren Collins
Victoria News
May 8, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada, Canada West

David Eby

Premier David Eby says he thinks B.C. will be the “engine of a newly revitalized sovereign-growing Canada.” Eby’s comments came May 8 after the virtual First Ministers’ meeting with Prime Minister Mark Carney and provincial and territorial leaders. … Eby said he and the other premiers emphasized to Carney that softwood lumber is a “momentum builder.” …Eby said there was a growing consensus among major timber-producing provinces that there’s an opportunity for an agreement with the U.S. as one of the early opportunities to reset the trading relationship with the country. He said he sees a strong future for B.C. and a united Canada “that’s standing on our own two feet.” …”It’s very hard to predict what [Trump is] going to do, very unpredictable in terms of things he tweets, and then what happens and the tariffs are imposed and they’re taken off.”

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North Okanagan Tolko divisions taking down time

By Roger Knox
The Interior News
May 8, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada West

A lack of economical fibre will result in downtime at a pair of North Okanagan Tolko operations. Plants in Armstrong and at White Valley, near Lumby, will take approximately one week of downtime beginning as early as May 12 at Armstrong Lumber, and May 15 at White Valley. Employees have been notified. “BC regulatory and policy burden continues to impact the availability and accessibility of economic fibre,” said the Vernon-based company in an email. “We’re actively managing our log inventory, and the logs we have available are being deliberately directed to mills to make products where we can deliver the most value — accelerating our production of specialty, value-added (plywood, veneer and lamstock) and engineered wood products. “We recognize the impact this has on our employees and their families, and we will continue to provide as much notice as possible to help them manage through this uncertainty.”

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Ontario plans to impose new planning rules on municipalities to boost housing

By Colin D’Mello & Isaac Callan
Global News
May 8, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada East

The Ford government is planning to impose new rules on how local governments greenlight development projects, pushing the changes on municipalities as the province struggles to meet its self-imposed goal of building 1.5 million homes by 2031. The government is relying on a series of changes to Ontario’s planning rules, like reducing studies developers have to undertake and standardizing development charges, in a bid to speed up homebuilding. Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing Rob Flack is set to table the legislation next week, with changes including reducing requirements for builders to conduct some municipally-focused studies, allowing builders to bypass some city committees and a raft of changes to the fees developers pay to local governments. …The legislation would give the Ford government the ability to pare down the list of requirements for a development application, establish which studies would be required and force municipalities to accept certified studies presented by the developer.

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U.S. Lumber Coalition Applauds President Trump’s America First Focus on Trade Law Enforcement

By The US Lumber Coalition
PR Newswire
May 9, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: United States

WASHINGTON — As President Trump seeks to …enforce U.S. trade laws against harmful foreign unfair trade practices, BC Premier Eby suggests using U.S. border tax collections to bail out Canadian lumber producers. Premier Eby’s suggestions fly in the face of repeated findings by the U.S. Department of Commerce that Canadian exporters continue to engage in egregious unfair trade practices that harm U.S. softwood lumber producers and workers. …”…Canada once again suggests using import duties paid by Canadian companies as a consequence of their own behavior to bail out the very same Canadian lumber producers who harm U.S. companies…,” stated Andrew Miller of Stimson Lumber and Chairman of the U.S. Lumber Coalition. …”Premier Eby’s response is that the United States should stop enforcing U.S. trade laws and instead give billions of dollars to Canadian industry. This amounts to a U.S.-funded bailout of the Canadian industry,” stated Zoltan van Heyningen, Executive Director of the U.S. Lumber Coalition.

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Feeding America’s insatiable appetite for lumber (NPR Podcast)

By Will Walkey and Meghna Chakrabarti
National Public Radio – Boston
May 8, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: United States

The Trump administration wants to expand the American lumber industry by logging more trees in national forests and raising tariffs on lumber imports. The impact that could have on the domestic timber industry. NPR Boston hosted Ryan Dezember (Wall Street Journal), Scott Dane, (American Loggers Council), Jim Manke, (Manke Lumber Company), Troy Jackson, (logger and previous president of the Maine Senate), and Randi Spivak, (Center for Biological Diversity).

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Beltrami County approves $137M upgrade plan for West Fraser lumber mill

Beltrami County, Minnesota
Citizen Portal
May 7, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: United States, US East

MINNESOTA — The Beltrami County Work Session held on May 6, 2025… featured discussions on a proposed $137 million investment to upgrade the West Fraser facility, which is crucial for both the mill’s future and the local economy.Jeremy Buck from West Fraser presented plans to modernize the mill, which has been operational since 1981 and still uses much of its original equipment. The proposed renovations aim to enhance energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact, with the potential to preserve approximately 32 direct jobs and support an estimated 500 indirect jobs in the community. The company has applied for assistance from the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED) through the Job Creation Fund, which requires a resolution of support from the county. …The next steps will involve further discussions on the budget and the resolution to support West Fraser’s investment.

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UPM Plywood and the Industrial Union signed a new collective labor agreement, strikes at the mills in Finland are ending

UPM Plywood
May 9, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: International

UPM Plywood and the Industrial Union have today signed the new collective labor agreement for UPM Plywood mills in Finland. The strikes at the mills are ending and work will start immediately. “We are pleased to have reached an agreement and to be able to start the work in our mill operations. We managed to find a solution that secures the purchasing power of our employees and supports the future success of UPM Plywood mills,” says Juhani Tenhunen, Vice President, Operations at UPM Plywood. The new company specific collective agreement is set to take effect today and is valid until the end of 2027. The dispute centered on wage increases, which had delayed a resolution despite most other agreement terms being settled in August 2024. …Production at the company’s Otepää mill in Estonia remained unaffected during the strike.

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Finance & Economics

Interfor Corporation reports Q1, 2025 net loss of $35 million

Interfor Corporation
May 8, 2025
Category: Finance & Economics
Region: Canada, United States

Interfor recorded a Net loss in Q1’25 of $35.1 million compared to a Net loss of $49.9 million and a Net loss of $72.9 million. Adjusted EBITDA was $48.6 million on sales of $735.5 million in Q1’25. …Notable items include: Lumber prices increased during Q1’25 as reflected in Interfor’s average selling price of $712 per mfbm, up $53 per mfbm versus Q4’24; lumber shipments totalled 863 million board feet, representing a 77 million board foot decrease over the prior quarter. The decrease primarily relates to the sale of the Quebec operations, weather-related curtailments and shipment delays resulting from tariff uncertainty. …The Company is well positioned with a diversified product mix…only about 24% of the Company’s total lumber production is exported from Canada to the US and exposed to a potential tariff. …Interfor expects that over the mid-term, lumber markets will continue to benefit from favourable underlying supply and demand fundamentals.

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Wood, Paper & Green Building

Advancing mass timber: Risk mitigation and insurance strategies for a thriving sector

By Peter Caulfield
The Daily Commercial News
May 9, 2025
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: Canada

The Canadian mass timber industry has been making great strides forward, but it has been kept from growing even faster by challenges it faces in procuring reasonably priced insurance and financing. Simon Fraser University (SFU) Renewable Cities recently released a guide that describes these challenges. Titled, Advancing Mass Timber/Risk mitigation and insurance strategies for a thriving sector, the guide presents three what it calls pathways “to help address risks, improve insurability and support a thriving mass timber industry.” Mass timber’s benefits notwithstanding, projects built with it often face higher insurance rates than traditional materials. According to the guide, “This can discourage developers from using mass timber elements…Understanding this could influence a phased approach to a building that could make it easier and cheaper to insure. “It is crucial that the insurance broker negotiating the project understands these specific issues and concerns.”

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Advance Your Career in Wood Processing with BCIT’s Industry-Driven Associate Certificate Programs

BCIT School of Construction and the Environment
May 6, 2025
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: Canada, Canada West

Professionals working in the lumber and sawmill sector and looking to advance their careers can gain specialized training through BCIT’s Associate Certificate in Industrial Wood Processing, starting June 2025. The IWP program was developed with industry subject matter experts and informed by industry leaders to support upskilling and professional development within the sector. The program is 1-year, delivered online and part-time to allow students to balance work and studies. What sets the program apart is the expertise behind the scenes—seasoned instructors who bring decades of hands-on experience from across North America.

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$42M Toronto Metropolitan University Student Wellbeing Centre breaks ground

The Daily Commercial News
May 9, 2025
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: Canada East

TORONTO — Set to rise on a tight site at the intersection of Bond and Gould streets, construction of Toronto Metropolitan University’s new Student Wellbeing Centre is officially underway. Designed by Siamak Hariri, founding partner of Hariri Pontarini Architects, the project involves preserving and restoring the heritage O’Keefe House of 1855. An eight-storey, hybrid mass-timber tower will then emerge from the former student residence and features a transparent esthetic to create an inviting appeal. Students can access medical, health, wellness and academic support services currently scattered across the university. …Exposed timber decking will be used and the project is targeting Fitwel 2-star certification, an evidenced-based measure of the built environment’s impact on human health and wellbeing. …The $42-million project is largely funded by a student health and well-being fee and will open in 2027.

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Georgia Forestry Foundation Mass Timber Accelerator Opens New Application Round

By Georgia Forestry Foundation
Cision Newswire
May 8, 2025
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: United States, US East

FORSYTH, Georgia — The Georgia Forestry Foundation (GFF), in partnership with the USDA Forest Service and the Softwood Lumber Board, has reopened applications for the Georgia Mass Timber Accelerator. Architecture, engineering and development teams with pending mass timber construction projects are invited to apply by June 20, 2025. The Accelerator continues to support the growth of sustainable development in Georgia by increasing utilization and awareness of mass timber—an innovative locally grown and manufactured building material that reduces emissions, increases construction efficiency and supports rural communities. “The Accelerator is designed to help make mass timber construction more accessible through an injection of funding with expert technical assistance,” said GFF Senior Vice President, Matt Hestad. “Georgia is the number one forestry state in the nation. With abundant, sustainably managed forests, we are uniquely positioned to lead the South in sustainable building innovation.”

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Forestry

Alberta Newsprint, West Fraser share 2025 forestry plans with Whitecourt region residents

By Brad Quarin
The Whitecourt Star
May 8, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada West

James Norman

Representatives of the Alberta Newsprint Company (ANC) and West Fraser and Blue Ridge Lumber met locals during joint open houses in early May. The open houses were held in Whitecourt, Edson, Fox Creek and Swan Hills so region residents could learn about forestry operations plans for this year. “Plans are pretty much business as usual,” said James Norman, ANC fibre supply superintendent on Tuesday evening. “We’re cutting about the same amount we’ve cut in the last few years, about 400,000 cubic metres a year.” The purpose of the open houses from May 5 to 8 was for locals to see plans for harvesting, road development, reforestation and herbicide treatment, according to ANC. …Meanwhile, West Fraser stated that “Blue Ridge Lumber plans to layout roughly 1.1 million cubic m of timber.” West Fraser handouts stated the company plans to plant approximately eight million lodgepole pine, white spruce and black spruceseedlings in 2025, from mid-May to late July.

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Telkwa Caribou Road Restoration project gets funding

By Marisca Bakker
Houston Today
May 8, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada West

The Telkwa Caribou Road Restoration project has received a commitment of $278,257 over three years from the Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation. This project will benefit the Telkwa caribou herd through the reclamation of approximately 100 kilometres of road that will according to the project, reduce interactions of caribou with predators, increase habitat availability and access for predators to alternative prey, and increase intact caribou habitat (mature, old-growth forest) into the future. Senior conservation planning biologist Laura Greene said the Telkwa caribou herd has been a conservation concern since the late 1960s. Increasing landscape change, such as logging, road-building, human settlement, etc., is what has driven the decline of the Telkwa caribou, Greene explained. Habitat alteration can result in the direct loss of habitat for caribou, a decrease in habitat quality, and/or a shift in the predator-prey dynamics, resulting in more caribou being killed by predators.

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How the EU deforestation law aggravates the trade dispute with the United States

The Financial Times in Bytes Europe
May 8, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: United States, International

The EU has made little headway and an attempt to appease the US by delaying controversial import controls has fallen flat. The US forestry industry has accused the EU of erecting trade barriers by favouring its own industry under amended deforestation rules. The EU’s deforestation law, which will ban the import of products from sectors including rubber, cocoa, wood and paper if they come from deforested land, should have come into force last year. Under pressure from the bloc’s trading partners it was delayed until the end of the year. Despite this respite, the nine biggest US forest product organisations accused the EU of setting “severe” compliance challenges, opening a new front in the growing transatlantic trade conflict. The EU has categorised the US — and all its own members — as “low risk”. Heidi Brock, head of AF&PA, said the law amounted to a “non-trade tariff barrier” for US paper and wood products.

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Bill intends to boost Oregon’s ‘dual credit’ farm and forestry classes

By Mateusz Perkowski
Capital Press
May 8, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: US West

Oregon lawmakers appear likely to pass a bill that encourages college-credit agriculture and forestry classes in high schools, though some have doubts about its effectiveness. Senate Bill 784 would require the development of statewide standards for “dual credit” courses in these subjects, which is intended to make such classes more widely available, especially in rural areas. “Many students are eager to pursue careers in agriculture, forestry and natural resources but they need exposure and seamless pathways to higher education and industry jobs,” said Sen. Todd Nash, R-Enterprise, the bill’s chief co-sponsor. …More than 7,400 students are enrolled in natural resource programs at Oregon’s universities, showing there’s a demand for such education, so SB 784 would be a “smart investment” in the state’s future workforce, said Rep. Bobby Levy, R-Echo, the bill’s chief co-sponsor.

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Cultural burning by Indigenous peoples increased oak in forests near settlements

By Jeff Mulhollem
Penn State News
May 8, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: US East

UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — A debate continues among scientists over whether tree composition in forests in eastern North American historically have been influenced more by climate or by cultural burning, which is the intentional and controlled use of fire by Indigenous people to manage their environment. A new study of southern New England forests … lends credence to the cultural burning hypothesis, suggesting that fire-tolerant vegetation — oak, hickory and pine — were significantly more abundant near Indigenous settlements over the last 5,000 years. “The results of this study strongly suggest that Native Americans extensively use fire and other disturbances such as land clearing for villages, agriculture and trails, and both directly and indirectly promoted fire-adapted trees,” said study co-author Marc Abrams, Penn State professor emeritus. “These trees were very important to the Native American diet because of the mast — nuts and acorns — they produced.”

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Warner & Kaine Introduce Bills to Protect Wilderness in Virginia

US Senator Mark R. Warner
May 8, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: United States, US East

WASHINGTON – U.S. Sens. Mark R. Warner and Tim Kaine (both D-VA) introduced two bills to protect wilderness in Rockingham, Augusta, Highland, and Bath counties. “We are lucky to have such beautiful natural resources in Virginia, and we need to do more to ensure that these lands are protected for future generations,” said the senators. “We’re proud to introduce this legislation to preserve wilderness in Rockingham, Augusta, Highland, and Bath counties, protect wildlife, and support local economies that depend on tourism and outdoor recreation.” These additions were recommended by the U.S. Forest Service in 2014 and endorsed by members of the George Washington National Forest Stakeholder Collaborative, a group of forest users who work together on acceptable locations in the George Washington National Forest for wilderness, timber harvest, trails, and other uses. In 2023, the tourism economy directly employed 7,562 people and generated $842.5 million in expenditures in [these areas].

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Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy

Driving Decarbonization and Cost Savings with Bio-heat

The Wood Pellet Association of Canada
May 9, 2025
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: Canada

May 14 @ 10 a.m. Pacific — Explore how bio-heat can tackle Canada’s heating challenges while reducing emissions and costs. With rising energy prices and reliance on imported fossil fuels, bioheat presents a renewable, low-emission, and economically viable alternative. Jonathan Levesque from Biomass Solution Biomasse will discuss real-life success stories, such as a Maritime church that cut heating costs by over 50 percent, showcasing the economic and environmental benefits of bio-heat. Bio-heat alleviates grid pressure, supports remote and rural energy needs, and addresses industrial heating demands. Globally, countries like Sweden and Austria demonstrate bio-heat’s potential through strong policies and incentives. Let’s “heat local” and build a cleaner, resilient energy future. (Busy schedule? You can also register and watch the webinar later.)

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Fueling Change: Bioenergy training ignites energy independence in remote communities

By the Alex Fraser Research Forest
The University of British Columbia
May 9, 2025
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: Canada West

The University of British Columbia’s Alex Fraser Research Forest in collaboration with FPInnovations, has launched the Community Bioenergy Systems Training Program. This new initiative could significantly impact energy independence in remote and Indigenous communities. This program is designed to transition communities from diesel power to sustainable, wood-based biomass energy. Registration is open for the upcoming workshops happening June 16–20, September 8–12, October 6–10, December 1–5, and January 26–30, 2026 at the AFRF in Williams Lake, BC. Key highlights include: Participants will gain practical experience operating a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) biomass plant and managing wood supply chains, equipping them to transform local energy infrastructure; the program enables communities to utilize forestry by-products like treetops and limbs for clean energy, fostering economic development and local job creation; and Tuition is waived for Indigenous participants, with travel subsidies, accommodations, and meals provided to ensure accessibility for all.

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Nova Scotia to speed up environmental reviews for clean energy projects

By Keith Doucette
Canadian Press in CBC News
May 8, 2025
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: Canada East

The Nova Scotia government is accelerating the environmental review process for a number of clean energy projects to meet its climate goals and get off coal by 2030. Under changes announced Thursday, large biomass, biogas and clean fuel projects have been changed to Class 1 from Class 2, meaning they can be approved within 50 days. The more rigorous Class 2 assessment, which can take more than two years, is now reserved for projects such as pulp mills, cement plants, incinerators and large energy plants. …Under the changes, small wood biomass projects will now be exempt from the environmental review process and will be managed through the Environment Department’s industrial approval process. …The changes come after Premier Tim Houston signalled his intent earlier this year to increase the potential of the province’s natural resources. In March, his government passed legislation to lift a moratorium on fracking and a ban on uranium mining and exploration.

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US stops tracking costs of extreme weather disasters fueled by climate change

By Mary Katherine Wildeman
Public Broadcasting Service
May 8, 2025
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: United States

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration will no longer track the cost of climate change-fueled weather disasters, including floods, heat waves, wildfires and more. It is the latest example of changes to the agency and the Trump administration limiting federal government resources on climate change. NOAA falls under the US Department of Commerce and is tasked with daily weather forecasts, severe storm warnings and climate monitoring. It is also parent to the National Weather Service. The agency said its National Centers for Environmental Information would no longer update its Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters database beyond 2024. For decades, it has tracked hundreds of major events across the country, including destructive hurricanes, hail storms, droughts and freezes that have totaled trillions of dollars in damage. The database uniquely pulls information from the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s assistance data, insurance organizations, state agencies and more to estimate overall losses from individual disasters. 

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Gov. Whitmer highlights clean energy at Woodchuck Biomass grand opening in Grand Rapids

By Donny Ede and Mackenize Dekker
News Channel 3
May 9, 2025
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: US East

Governor Gretchen Whitmer visited Grand Rapids on Thursday to appear at a grand opening for a biomass processing facility. Governor Whitmer, who has made it a priority to make Michigan a climate and innovation leader, delivered remarks at the grand opening of Woodchuck Biomass Processing Facility and AI Innovation Center, saying sustainability and strong economic growth go hand in hand. “Woodchuck is going to take something that we used to treat as trash and put in landfills, wood waste from construction, collection or storm cleanup, and be turning it into a clean source of renewable energy,” Whitmer said. “It is just another example of the exciting, innovative stuff that’s happening across Michigan to create jobs and cut emissions and improve our quality of life.”

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Even as emissions level off, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is growing faster than ever. Here’s why

by Issy Borley, Cathy Trudinger and Ray Langenfelds
The Conversation in Phys.org
May 8, 2025
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: International

Over the last decade, humanity’s emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) have stabilized after a period of huge growth. Average growth is now down to just 0.6% per year, compared to 2% per year in the previous decade. But leveling off isn’t the same as declining—and we’ve leveled off at a very high rate of emissions. The Global Carbon Project estimates human activities released a record high of 10.2 gigatons of carbon (GtC) in 2024. …CO₂ concentrations are increasing because we are still pumping massive amounts of long-buried CO₂ into our atmosphere. …natural carbon sinks are struggling to keep up. …This is a crucial moment. Our current rate of emissions will only cause CO₂ concentrations and global temperatures to rise. Natural carbon sinks will not pull out enough carbon to stabilize our climate on a timeframe meaningful to humans. The earlier the action and decrease in emissions, the better our future.

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Health & Safety

Climate-fueled wildfires contributed to thousands of US deaths over 15 years, study says, with highest in Oregon and California

By Dorany Pineda
The Associated Press in Oregon Public Broadcasting
May 7, 2025
Category: Health & Safety
Region: United States

Wildfires driven by climate change contribute to as many as thousands of annual deaths and billions of dollars in economic costs from wildfire smoke in the United States, according to a new study. The annual range of deaths was 130 to 5,100, the study showed, with the highest in states such as Oregon and California. The paper, published Friday in the journal Nature Communications Earth & Environment, found that from 2006 to 2020, climate change contributed to about 15,000 deaths from exposure to small particulate matter from wildfires and cost about $160 billion. …Nicholas Nassikas, a study author and a physician and professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School… and a multidisciplinary team of researchers wanted to know: “What does it really mean in a changing environment for things like mortality, which is kind of the worst possible health outcome?” The paper’s researchers focused on deaths linked to exposure to fine particulate matter, or PM2.5 — the main concern from wildfire smoke.

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