Daily News for June 11, 2025

Today’s Takeaway

Trump tariffs to remain in place pending appeal, court rules

Tree Frog Forestry News
June 11, 2025
Category: Today's Takeaway

A federal appeals court says Trump’s tariffs can remain in place for now—but fast tracks a summer resolution. In related news: US and China reach a deal to keep their trade-truce alive (or do they?); Canadian ownership of US lumber mills raises economic and policy questions; and the US Dept. of Justice says Trump can abolish national monuments. Meanwhile: Steelworkers strike at LKSM Forestry LP on Vancouver Island; Legacy Paper restarts its Port Huron, Michigan paper machine; and US wood importers talk trade with Vietnam.

In Forestry/Wildfire news: the Cree Nation says its forestry agreement takes precedent over Quebec’s bill; US officials warn of an ominous fire season—want employees who voluntarily resigned to come back; and a Texas bioenergy plant secures a wood deal with Louisiana Pacific. Meanwhile: HUB International launches exclusive Forestry Select Insurance; Ottawa’s climate plan is said to be falling short; and the USDA sets a date for vote on paper promotion program.

Finally, University of BC innovators unveil novel wood leather soccer ball at Expo 2025.

Kelly McCloskey, Tree Frog News Editor

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Business & Politics

HUB International launches exclusive HUB Forestry Select Insurance

By Hub International Limited
Cision Newswire
June 11, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada

CHICAGO — Hub International Limited (HUB), a leading global insurance brokerage and financial services firm, announced the launch of HUB Forestry Select Insurance, a comprehensive solution designed to protect and reduce liability risks for Canada’s forestry industry. This specialized solution offers streamlined underwriting, competitive pricing and reliable claims support for forestry contractors, sawmills, manufacturers and businesses managing access roads or powerline clearing. Business owners in the forestry and wood products industry face daily risks such as fire, equipment breakdown, liability and cargo loss. HUB Forestry Select Insurance offers tailored insurance protection and program stability, and industry experts who provide proactive risk management and customized coverage for businesses of all sizes. “Our goal is to support the forestry industry with an insurance solution that not only delivers meaningful value but also fosters long-term business resilience,” said Marc Chouinard, HUB National Practice Lead, Agribusiness Canada.

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Ottawa’s plan for climate change adaptation is falling short, report says

Canadian Press in CTV News
June 10, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada

Jerry DeMarco

OTTAWA — Ottawa’s efforts to prepare the country for the impacts of climate change have stumbled out of the gate, Canada’s environment commissioner Jerry DeMarco said Tuesday. In a new report, DeMarco concluded the National Adaptation Strategy was not effectively designed, did not prioritize Canada’s climate change risks and only established one of its three components since its release in 2023. Canada has committed $1.6 billion to implementing the strategy, which is meant as a road map for communities across the country to up their game to prevent significant damage as the number of major storms, floods and fires increase exponentially with climate change. Environment and Climate Change Canada estimated that every dollar spent on proactive adaptation measures can save taxpayers between $13 and $15 in the long term. …DeMarco said federal programs meant to advance implementation of the National Adaptation Strategy contributed little.

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Foreign Control of US Lumber Mills Sparks Economic and Policy Debate

By Don Buckner, MadeinUSA.com
EIN Presswire
June 10, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada, United States

Over the past decade, Canadian forestry companies have significantly expanded their footprint in the American lumber industry. While foreign investment remains a key component of a dynamic US economy, industry analysts and policymakers are increasingly scrutinizing the long-term implications of international control over critical domestic manufacturing infrastructure. Canadian-owned firms—including West Fraser, Canfor and Interfor—now operate dozens of sawmills in the US, with many holding more assets south of the border than in their home country. Additional Canadian firms—such as Tolko, Maibec, J.D. Irving, and Kruger—also maintain active operations and land holdings throughout the country. As foreign ownership of US lumber mills grows, several key concerns are emerging: Supply Chain Autonomy… Economic Retention… Market Influence. …Industry stakeholders are urging a closer examination of the issue. Policy suggestions include incentivizing domestic ownership, increasing sourcing transparency, and evaluating regulatory frameworks around foreign investment in strategic industries.

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Workers strike at LKSM Forestry LP on Vancouver Island

By Adam Chan
Chek News
June 10, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada, Canada West

About 100 unionized workers on Vancouver Island have started a strike against their employer, La-kwa sa muqw Forestry Limited Partnership (LKSM Forestry). The union representing the workers, United Steelworkers union (USW) Local 1-1937, says the workers went on strike on Friday, June 6, because of “significant concessions” being demanded by the company. One of the main concessions that the company is asking for is the ability to bring in non-union contractor workers to perform work currently handled by USW members, according to the union. The union says the strike comes after 93 per cent of unionized workers voted in favour of strike action in late March. …La-kwa sa muqw Forestry Limited Partnership is owned partly by four local First Nations, the Tlowitsis, We Wai Kai, Wei Wai Kum and K’ómoks First Nations, which are all members of the Nanwakolas Council, and Western Forest Products.

Related release by the United Steelworkers: Strike commences at LKSM Forestry LP on Vancouver Island

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Wood importers group meets with Vietnamese delegation

By Rich Christianson
The Woodworking Network
June 10, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: United States

WASHINGTON — Representatives of the International Wood Products Association (IWPA) met June 7 with a delegation from Vietnam’s Administration of Forestry to discuss sustainable trade in wood products. They explored opportunities to deepen cooperation and advance the shared goal of promoting legal and sustainable timber trade. The discussions included an exchange of policy updates, trade priorities, and areas for future cooperation. Ashley Amidon, CEO of the IWPA, delivered a presentation offering insight into recent developments in U.S. trade policy and underscoring the importance of responsible sourcing and transparent supply chains. Dr. Tran Quang Bao, director general of the Vietnam Administration of Forestry, highlighted the Vietnamese government’s recent efforts to promote legal and sustainable trade, including the implementation of a Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) with the EU, a timber agreement with the US and preparations for the EU recent regulation on deforestation free (EUDR).

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US, China reach deal to ease export curbs, keep tariff truce alive

By Kate Holton, Alistair Smout and Andrea Shalal
Reuters
June 11, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: United States, International

LONDON — US and Chinese officials said on Tuesday they had agreed on a framework to get their trade truce back on track and remove China’s export restrictions on rare earths while offering little sign of a durable resolution to longstanding trade tensions. …Lutnick said the agreement would remove restrictions on Chinese exports of rare earth minerals and magnets and some of the recent US export restrictions “in a balanced way”, but did not provide details…. adding that both sides will now return to present the framework to their respective presidents for approvals. …The two sides left Geneva with fundamentally different views of the terms of that agreement and needed to be more specific on required actions, said Josh Lipsky. …They have until August 10 to negotiate a more comprehensive agreement, or tariff rates will snap back from about 30% to 145% on the U.S. side and from 10% to 125% on the Chinese side.

Related coverage in:

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Trump tariffs to remain in place pending appeal, court rules

By Sarah Fortinsky
The Hill
June 10, 2025
Category: Business & Politics
Region: United States, International

A federal appeals court on Tuesday agreed to let many of President Trump’s sweeping tariffs on US trade partners remain in effect for now, extending a pause issued late last month after a separate court ruled the tariffs were illegal. The Federal Circuit Court of Appeals granted the Trump administration’s request for a longer pause after issuing a temporary stay of the lower court ruling last month. The court put the case on a fast track to be resolved by the end of this summer, noting that “these cases present issues of exceptional importance warranting expedited en banc consideration of the merits in the first instance.” The decision comes after the US Court of International Trade ruled on May 28 that Congress did not delegate “unbounded” tariff authority to the president in the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977. Trump appealed the ruling and, hours later, the appeals court granted the temporary stay.

Related coverage in:

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Finance & Economics

Can Lumber’s Bullish Trend Continue?

By Andrew Hecht
Barchart
June 10, 2025
Category: Finance & Economics
Region: Canada, United States

The CME’s physical lumber futures have been in a bullish trend since the July 2024 low of $455.50 per 1,000 board feet. The weekly chart indicates that lumber futures have formed higher lows and higher highs, reaching a peak of $699 per 1,000 board feet in March 2025. While the price has dropped below the $600 level, the pattern of higher lows remains intact in June 2025. …Seasonality suggests that a lumber rally may need to wait until 2026… Lumber tends to be a seasonal commodity, with prices peaking during late winter and early spring as the weather improves and construction activity increases. In 2021, the old random-length lumber futures rose to a record high of $1,711.20 per 1,000 board feet in May, and in 2022, reached a lower high of $1,477.40 in March. …Keep an eye on interest rates as declines could ignite pent-up demand for new homes, which could light a bullish fuse under the lumber futures arena. 

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How NAHB is Working to Overcome NIMBY Attitudes

The National Association of Home Builders
June 10, 2025
Category: Finance & Economics
Region: United States

NIMBYism often attempts to preserve the status quo at the expense of opportunity, equity and sustainability. Overcoming this opposition means an investment in neighborhoods that can welcome new families, support local businesses and ensure that people of all backgrounds can have a place to call home. When faced with a public opposed to a project, it can be helpful to engage community leaders or members who have previously benefitted from a similar type of housing. …NAHB provides resources and assistance to members and state and local associations. For example, NAHB recently supported the Home Builders and Remodelers Association of Massachusetts (HBRAM). …Through support from NAHB’s Legal Action Fund, HBARM highlighted the broader implications of zoning reform and how housing shortages affect everyone. 

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Wood, Paper & Green Building

UBC innovators unveil novel wood leather soccer ball at Expo 2025

By Poppy Philbrook
Capital Current
June 10, 2025
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: Canada, Canada West

OSAKA, Japan – The buzz surrounding Vancouver’s role as one of 16 host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was at the centre of British Columbia Week in recent days at the Expo 2025 Canada Pavilion. …While preparations for the world-class sporting event accelerate, designers from the University of British Columbia’s Bioproducts Institute are concerned with the sustainability of soccer itself, unveiling a first-of-its-kind wood leather ball to an attentive crowd in the heart of the pavilion on June 4. …Created in the official size for junior soccer games, the wood leather ball not only closely aligns with Expo 2025’s overarching theme of “Designing Future Society for Our Lives,” but also highlights the value of one of BC’s largest and growing exports: wood products. …Although the ball is yet to be tested in play, Takagi considers the wood leather material far more durable than its bio-based counterparts.

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USDA Sets Dates for Paper and Paper-Based Packaging Research and Promotion Program Continuance Referendum

US Department of Agriculture
June 3, 2025
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: United States

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced today that it will conduct a referendum July 14-25, 2025, for eligible domestic manufacturers and importers of paper and paper-based packaging to decide whether to continue their research and promotion program. USDA also announced, effective immediately, a moratorium on the Paper and Packaging Board’s collection of assessments from domestic manufacturers and importers under the Paper and Paper-Based Packaging Promotion, Research and Information Order. The moratorium will remain in place throughout the referendum process. …If continuance of the program is favored by a majority of domestic manufacturers and importers voting in the referendum, who also represent a majority of the volume of paper and paper-based packaging represented in the referendum, the order will continue and the moratorium on assessment collection will be lifted.

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The Legacy Paper Group Announces Restart of Paper Machine #8 in Port Huron, Michigan

By The Legacy Paper Group
Cision Newswire
June 11, 2025
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: United States, US East

PORT HURON, Mich. – The Legacy Paper Group, a subsidiary of BMI Group US, today announced plans to restart Paper Machine #8 (PM8) at its Port Huron facility, bringing 30,000 tons of annual production capacity back online after a four-year shutdown. The restart addresses growing market demand for sustainable, lightweight specialty papers used in food packaging and other critical applications.The mill has operated continuously since 1888 under various owners including Port Huron Sulphite and Paper Co., Port Huron Paper, Pentair, EB Eddy Paper, and Domtar Specialty Papers. PM8 itself specializes in producing high-quality, ultra-lightweight papers for quick-serve restaurant packaging, candy wrappers, medical table covers, tissue overwraps, and other sustainable applications.

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Forestry

Mission forestry turns profit to start 2025 with tariff, wildfire threat looming

By Dillon White
The Mission City Record
June 11, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada West

Mission’s forestry department reported a net profit of $181,474 to begin 2025. Forestry director Chris Gruenwald presented the department’s quarterly report to council on June 2, with the department expected to remain profitable for the year. A net profit of $1,082,492 was forecasted for the quarter, per the report. “The results for the quarter were due to the lower volumes harvested compared to budget, as the department did not release the first timber sale of the year until late-January, as there was market uncertainty at the end of 2024/start of 2025,” the report reads. The department released a 24,000 m3 Hemlock/Cedar timber sale at the end of January, expected to generate $1.9 million in revenue. However,  Gruenwald notes that “uncertainty exists in the timber market these days” amid threats of new tariffs from the United States. Potential tariffs on softwood lumber increase the risk of market downturns, in addition to a previously expected increase in July.

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DR Systems Showcases Phoenix Connect at BC Community Forest Assn Conference: A Celebration of Community Forestry and Innovation

DR Systems Inc.
June 10, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada, Canada West

Nanaimo, BC – DR Systems Inc. was proud to join the vibrant community of forestry leaders, land managers, and Indigenous partners at this year’s BC Community Forest Association (BCCFA) Conference. Held in the heart of British Columbia, the event was a powerful celebration of local leadership, resilient communities, and collaborative forest stewardship. At our booth, the team connected with community forest representatives from across the province to showcase Phoenix Connect, our flagship SaaS platform designed for managing forest operations, spatial data, and regulatory reporting. With live demonstrations and one-on-one conversations, we heard firsthand how important it is to have software that’s as adaptable, user-focused, and community-minded as the people who use it. “The conversations we had reinforced why we do what we do – building tools that support sustainable forestry, strengthen partnerships, and make complex reporting more manageable,” said Heidi Walsh, Co-owner at DR Systems.

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Gibsons aims to plant 2,200 trees by 2045 as part of urban forest plan

By Jordan Copp
The Sunshine Coast Reporter
June 10, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada West

The Town of Gibsons has endorsed an ambitious urban forest plan to protect and expand tree canopy coverage across the municipality by 2045. The plan, developed by Diamond Head Consulting, was presented to council during the June 3 regular meeting, following community engagement and technical analysis. The urban forest plan establishes canopy cover targets of 31 per cent for urban areas and 39 per cent for greenfield development sites by 2045. Currently, Gibsons maintains 38 per cent overall canopy coverage, representing 160 hectares of tree canopy within the town’s 430-hectare(4.3km²) boundary. The plan notes that while greenfield areas will see reduced canopy due to expected development, strategic planting and protection measures can still achieve meaningful coverage.

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Cree Nation Government Affirms Paix Des Braves Prevails over Bill 97

By Nadia Saganash, Director of Quebec and Indigenous Relations
Cree Nation Government in Nation Talk
June 10, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada, Canada East

Nemaska, Eeyou Istchee – The Cree Nation Government confirms that the Adapted Forestry Regime, as established under Chapter 3 of the Agreement. Concerning New Relationship between le Gouvernement du Québec and the Crees of Québec (Paix des Braves) and the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA) takes legal precedence over the provisions introduced in Bill 97 – An Act mainly to modernize the forestry regime and the governance of forests in Québec. This precedence is explicitly affirmed in the bill itself under section 8.2, which states: “The provisions of Chapter 3 of the Agreement Concerning a New Relationship between le Gouvernement du Québec and the Crees of Québec, entered into on 7 February 2002 and approved by Order in Council 289-2002 dated 20 March 2002 (French only), as well as any amendment to that chapter approved by the Government, prevail over the provisions of this Act […].”

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Trump team talks of fighting fires and cleaning forest floors

By Michael Doyle
E&E News
June 10, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: United States

Trump administration officials on Tuesday warned of an ominous-looking fire season ahead as they repeated the case for unifying federal wildland firefighting agencies and thinning overgrown forests. Convening with the president in the White House Oval Office, Interior Secretary Doug Burgum and Agriculture Secretary Brook Rollins alternated lavishing praise on President Donald Trump with a fire-fighting call to arms and an insistence that their respective departments will be ready. “This is going to be an above-normal fire season,” Rollins said, standing near Trump, who was sitting behind the oak Resolute Desk. “This means that there is a higher likelihood of large and intense wildfires than is typically expected for this time of year for the next few months.” There were 64,897 wildfires reported in 2024, compared to 56,580 reported in 2023, according to the Boise, Idaho-based National Interagency Fire Center. The wildfires consumed 8.9 million acres in 2024 compared to 2.6 million acres in 2023. [to access the full story an E&E News subscription is required]

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Department of Justice finds Trump can abolish areas protected as national monuments

By Jake Spring
The Washington Post
June 10, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: United States

©Wikipedia David Lamfrom

Trump administration officials have concluded that President Donald Trump has the authority to entirely abolish protected areas set aside as national monuments by past presidents, according to a legal opinion released Tuesday by the Department of Justice. The May 27 document, which reverses a legal opinion issued in 1938, could be laying the groundwork for Trump to abolish or dramatically shrink national monuments, which confer federal protections to millions of acres of federal land, much of it in the American West. Such a move would take the administration into untested legal territory. “It signals that the president is prepared to do something dramatic and sort of at a scale that we’ve never seen before with respect to national monuments, which encompass many of our most cherished public lands,” said Justin Pidot, a professor at the University of Arizona’s James E. Rogers College of Law and a former Biden administration official. [A Washington Post subscription is required to access the full story]

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US Forest Service chief asks wildfire employees who took voluntary resignation to ‘come back’

By Ryan Spencer
Summit Daily News
June 9, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: United States

Tom Schultz

Just months after the Trump Administration gave federal employees the option to voluntarily resign, the U.S. Forest Service is asking those who resigned to return to work for the wildfire season. Forest Service Chief Tom Schultz said in a video posted to the Department of Agriculture website on Thursday that employees who took the Trump Administration’s deferred resignation offer should be encouraged to “come back” for the wildfire season. …Nationwide, more than 4,000 Forest Service employees accepted the federal government’s resignation offer, according to POLITICO. The Trump Administration also fired an estimated 3,400 Forest Service employees in February. …The Forest Service did not return a request for comment Monday that included questions about how many employees who accepted the deferred resignation option were “red card” holders qualified to work on wildfires. …Even before the layoffs and voluntary resignations, Colorado mountain towns had concerns that Forest Service staffing was lacking.

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Woodland Trust report calls for action to save woodland wildlife

By Zac Sherratt
BBC News
June 10, 2025
Category: Forestry
Region: International

Urgent action must be taken to avoid a loss of wildlife due to the “plummeting” condition of the UK’s woodlands, according to a new report. The report, published by the Woodland Trust on Tuesday, found that the quality of woodland is on the decline, despite a slight increase in tree cover. Woodland covers 24% of Surrey, making it the most wooded county in England. Abigail Bunker, director of conservation and external affairs at the trust, said: “We are calling on the government and others to invest in the management of our woodlands.” She said investing in woodland management would mean wildlife could experience the benefits “of these precious ecosystems”. Woodlands are becoming less effective as habitats for wildlife because they lack complexity, such as having enough trees of differing ages, states and sizes.

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Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy

Milestone reached on bioenergy plant in Newton County, Texas

By Scott Lawrence
KFDM News
June 10, 2025
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: United States, US East

TEXAS — A plan to open a bioenergy plant in Newton County has reached a new milestone with a landmark deal to supply wood for the site in Bon Wier. Mike Lout with KJAS, reports Nick Andrews, President and CEO of the Scottsdale, Arizona-based USA Bioenergy, announced on Tuesday that his company has signed a deal with the LP Corporation to supply the wood. According to LP, the agreement would provide up to 2.2 million tons of wood biomass for an initial term of 20 years that could not only help USA Bioenergy in Bon Wier, but also the logging and timber industry across Southeast Texas and west Louisiana. Andrews has said the main focus of the plant will be to produce Sustainable Aviation Fuel commonly known as “SAF” or bio-jetfuel for the airline industry.

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Health & Safety

The smoke from Canada’s wildfires may be even more toxic than usual

By Matt Simon
Grist
June 5, 2025
Category: Health & Safety
Region: Canada

More than 200 wildfires are blazing across central and western Canada, half of which are out of control… “But increasingly we’re also concerned about the smoke,” said Mike Waddington, an environmental scientist at McMaster University in Ontario. That’s because [of] where these blazes are burning in Canada. The country’s forests have long been mined, operations that loaded soils and waterways with toxic metals like lead and mercury, especially before clean-air standards kicked in 50 years ago. Now everyone downwind of these wildfires may have to contend with that legacy and those pollutants, in addition to all the other nasties inherent in wildfire smoke, which are known to exacerbate respiratory and cardiac problems. …But an area of particular concern is around the mining city of Flin Flon, in Manitoba, which is known to have elevated levels of toxic metals in the landscape, said Colin McCarter, an environmental scientist who studies pollutants at Ontario’s Nipissing University.

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Forest Fires

B.C.’s major wildfires remain out of control, despite calmer day of wind

By Lauren Vanderdeen
CBC News
June 10, 2025
Category: Forest Fires
Region: Canada West

Pocket Knife Creek

Crews fighting large B.C. wildfires may get a reprieve from harsh winds and temperatures Tuesday, but the major fires in the northeast of the province continue to grow out of control, according to the B.C. Wildfire Service (BCWS). Fire information officer Kelly Desrosiers says much lower temperatures, higher humidity and the lack of wind are all expected to result in significantly less fire behaviour for the Kiskatinaw River wildfire Tuesday. The Kiskatinaw River fire, located nearly 60 kilometres southeast of Dawson Creek, has grown to more than 216 square kilometres. It has been designated as a wildfire of note, meaning the fire is highly visible or poses a potential threat to public safety. As of Monday afternoon, as many as seven buildings and mobile homes had been destroyed by the fire in the small community of Kelly Lake, B.C., home to about 70 people.

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Squamish wildfire grows to 14.4 hectares

By Alanna Kelly
The Squamish Chief
June 10, 2025
Category: Forest Fires
Region: Canada, Canada West

The District of Squamish has declared a state of emergency as the Dryden Creek wildfire continues to burn out of control, prompting expanded evacuation alerts and a full campfire ban. The Squamish wildfire has reached 14.4 hectares. It still remains out of control. The District says that the increase in size reflects growth away from the community along a west-facing cliff. Tonight, there are 28 firefighters on the scene who are “working towards containment on the west and south flanks of the fire to prevent further spread, with good success.” Air tankers and helicopters continue to attack the blaze. The helicopters are going back and forth to Alice Lake to bucket water to the fire.

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More than 1,400 evacuated by military as fires rip through northern Ontario

By Isaac Callan
Global News
June 10, 2025
Category: Forest Fires
Region: Canada, Canada East

More than 1,400 people have been evacuated from a remote community in northern Ontario using massive military transport planes as out-of-control wildfires spread across the province. On Sunday, Ontario asked the federal government to dispatch military personnel to help evacuate the community of Sandy Lake after a nearby fire expanded, doubling in size toward the edge of town in a few hours. Defence personnel said they had evacuated more than 1,400 people by 2 p.m. Tuesday afternoon. The evacuations mark the latest twist in an already busy fire season in the province, one critics argue the Ontario government failed to prepare for. Data from the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre shows that the area of Ontario burned so far this year is already 38 times higher than it was last year.

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Forest History & Archives

The Iceberg Aircraft Carrier That Almost Was: Alberta’s Forgotten Wartime Wonder

By Nerissa McNaughton
The Cochrane Eagle
June 10, 2025
Category: Forest History & Archives
Region: Canada, Canada West

©Wikipedia by Craig Talbert

Under Jasper’s Patricia Lake lies the remains of one of history’s most peculiar wartime experiments. Project Habakkuk was an audacious idea born during World War II, as a solution for Allied forces battling German U-boats. Though it never came to fruition, its legacy remains a chapter in Alberta’s history. Project Habakkuk was a secret Allied experiment launched in the early 1940s under the guidance of British inventor Geoffrey Pyke to build an aircraft carrier unlike any other—not from metal or wood, but from ice. Specifically, it would utilize pykrete, a blend of 85% water and 15% wood pulp. This strange new material was stronger than concrete, resistant to bullets and torpedoes, and melted significantly slower than traditional ice. …The final vessel would need 300,000 tons of wood pulp, 35,000 tons of insulation, and a staggering amount of steel for reinforcement. These challenges … led to the project’s cancellation in late 1943.

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