The United States and Canada have one of the largest bilateral trade relationships in the world, including highly integrated energy and automotive markets. Since 1989, U.S.-Canada trade has been governed by the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement, then by the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and now by the 2020 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Since 2025, U.S.-Canada trade tensions have increased following the imposition of U.S. tariffs on key Canadian exports. The two countries, along with Mexico, also are scheduled to engage in a review of USMCA in July 2026. …The United States and Canada have had a decades-long dispute over trade in softwood lumber. The last agreement… expired in October 2015. Since the agreement’s expiration, the United States has imposed antidumping (AD) and countervailing duties (CVD) on imports of Canadian softwood lumber. Canada has challenged the duties through NAFTA, USMCA, the WTO, and the U.S. Court of International Trade..