Daily News for February 13, 2024

Today’s Takeaway

Cascades closing two plants in Ontario, one in Connecticut

The Tree Frog Forestry News
February 13, 2024
Category: Today's Takeaway

Citing market conditions, Cascades is closing two containerboard plants in Ontario and one in Connecticut. In related news: packaging giant Mondi considers bid to buy GS Smith; Hasslacher invests in Ontario mass timber producer Element5; and the Pactiv Evergreen paper mill is hit with new water violations. Meanwhile: the US price rise of 3.1% and Canada’s strong job market push back timing of interest rate cuts. 

In Forestry/Climate news: FPAC unveils Roadmap Towards Net-Zero at GLOBE Forum; a new UN report points to species at risk due to habitat loss; University of Northern BC secures grant to study glyphosate effects; and a new report says global deforestation leads to more mercury pollution. Meanwhile; BC finally receives some much-needed snow, as Ontario reports a lack of snow pack before fire season.

Finally, US hemp builders say their homes contain no psychoactive properties. Darn?

Kelly McCloskey, Tree Frog Editor

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Business & Politics

Element5 receives strategic investment from the HASSLACHER Group

Element5
February 13, 2024
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada, Canada East

Toronto (Canada), Sachsenburg (Austria) – The HASSLACHER Group is acquiring a stake in Element5, a mass timber producer specializing in the design, manufacture, and assembly of modern engineered timber buildings, based in St. Thomas, Ontario. Element5 employs over 100 people and produces cross-laminated timber and structural solutions for the North American market. The HASSLACHER Group is a leader in the European timber industry, an innovation driver in wood processing, and is taking this important strategic step to strengthen and grow its position in the North American market. …With the investment in Element5, the HASSLACHER Group is the first European company to invest in the development and expansion of mass timber production capacity in the North American market. The HASSLACHER Group investment will fund the start-up of a new state-of-the-art glulam line allowing Element5 to produce a full range of machined glulam beams, columns, and assemblies. 

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Cascades closing two plants in Ontario, one in Connecticut

Canadian Press in Global News
February 13, 2024
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada, Canada East

Cascades Inc. is closing three plants as part of changes to its containerboard operations that will affect 310 employees. The paper and packaging company says its corrugated medium mill in Trenton, Ont., that is currently idled will not restart operations, while converting plants in Belleville, Ont., and Newtown, Conn., will close by May 31. It says it decided to close the facilities due to a combination of market conditions, higher operating costs, aging technology and the need for significant capital investment. Cascades will work with the impacted employees to mitigate, where possible, the effect of the closures.

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Cascades announces closure of its containerboard operations

By Cascades Inc.
Cision Newswire
February 13, 2024
Category: Business & Politics
Region: Canada, Canada East

KINGSEY FALLS, QC– Cascades announces an operational realignment and optimization of its Containerboard Packaging platform. The currently idled Trenton (Ontario) corrugated medium mill will not restart operations, while the Belleville (Ontario) and Newtown (Connecticut) converting plants will be permanently closed, in a progressive manner, by May 31, 2024. Following recent strategic investments in the Bear Island mill and its converting network, production from these facilities will be moved to other units with available capacity and more modern equipment. The annual production capacity of the equipment to be shut down is 175,000 short tons of corrugated medium and 500 million square feet of corrugated packaging. 

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Mondi considering DS Smith bid to create $13B UK paper giant

By Yadarisa Shabong
Reuters
February 8, 2024
Category: Business & Politics
Region: United States, International

Britain’s Mondi said on Thursday it is in the early stages of considering a possible all-share bid for its smaller rival DS Smith, a move which could create a packaging giant worth more than $12.6 billion. DS Smith had earlier on disclosed that it received a highly preliminary expression of interest from Mondi. …A bid for DS Smith by Mondi, which under UK takeover rules has until March 7 to make a firm offer or walk away, would mark the second recent multi-billion attempt at consolidation in the paper and packaging industry. Rival Smurfit Kappa is buying WestRock in a $11 billion deal that has not yet closed. “Paper and packaging is a very fragmented industry (especially in Europe) and consolidation is inevitable,” Barclays analyst Pallav Mittal wrote. …DS Smith CEO Miles Roberts, who plans to retire, had overseen the London-based company’s expansion into Europe and the U.S.

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Pactiv Evergreen’s paper mill earns two new water quality violations

By Holly Kays
The Smoky Mountain News
February 6, 2024
Category: Business & Politics
Region: United States, US East

CANTON, North Carololina — Despite being closed for months, the Evergreen Packaging paper mill in Canton continues to rack up environmental violations, with two recently issued violations for exceeding fecal coliform limits bringing its total number of violation notices since May 2021 up to 22. One violation, dated Feb. 2, was issued for exceeding the daily maximum fecal coliform limit on Oct. 4 and Oct. 10, 2023. The second, dated, Feb. 6, was for exceeding the same limit on Nov. 2, 2023 In all three cases, the mill reported a fecal coliform concentration that came in 50% over the state limit. Fecal coliform is a group of bacteria that includes disease-causing species such as E.coli. While most coliform bacteria do not cause disease, some strains of E.coli cause serious illness. …Pactiv Evergreen has received this type of violation multiple times before. In October 2023… and in Dec. 2022.

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Finance & Economics

Canadian economists are pushing back forecasts for the Bank of Canada’s first rate cut

By Pamela Heaven
Financial Post
February 12, 2024
Category: Finance & Economics
Region: Canada

The latest numbers on Canada’s job market have moved the needle on when some economists think the Bank of Canada will make its first interest rate cut. Labour numbers released Friday by Statistics Canada were unexpectedly strong, with a gain of 37,000 jobs that more than doubled forecasts. That prompted some economists who predicted the first Bank of Canada cut in April to push back their forecasts until June. “Although the sharp rise in employment in January may paint a healthier picture of the labour market than what is under the surface, the Bank of Canada will still be concerned about the renewed decline in the unemployment rate and the strength of wage growth,” said Olivia Cross, an economist with Capital Economics. Capital economists and Desjardins Securities’ Royce Mendes both pushed back their forecasts for the first cut from April to June.

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Consumer prices rise 3.1% in January, defying forecasts for a faster slowdown

By Alexandra Canal
Yahoo Finance
February 13, 2024
Category: Finance & Economics
Region: United States

US consumer prices rose more than expected in January, according to the latest data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics released Tuesday morning. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose 0.3% over the previous month and 3.1% over the prior year in January, slightly higher than December’s 0.2% month-over-month increase but a deceleration from December’s 3.4% annual gain. Both measures were higher compared to economist forecasts of a 0.2% month-over-month increase and a 2.9% annual increase, according to data from Bloomberg. On a “core” basis, which strips out the more volatile costs of food and gas, prices in January climbed 0.4% over the prior month and 3.9% over last year. Investors were closely watching the print for clues about when the Federal Reserve will begin cutting interest rates. After the data’s release, markets priced in a 94% chance the central bank will hold rates steady at its meeting next month, up from 84% on Monday.

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Wood, Paper & Green Building

Breaking down how B.C.’s building code changes affect sustainability

By Tyler Choi
SustainableBiz
February 12, 2024
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: Canada, Canada West

Wendy Macdonald

Changes to British Columbia’s building code are geared to elevating the sustainability of buildings in the key areas of energy, materials and climate resilience. Wendy Macdonald, with RJC Engineers, spoke about updates to B.C.’s building code which were implemented last year and others being discussed for implementation in 2024 and 2025. …Changes to the code that took effect in May 2023 affected energy efficiency targets and the Zero Carbon Step Code. From March 2024, one living space per building must not exceed 26 C. The proposed change that may take place as early as spring 2024 would allow for taller mass timber buildings. A seismic requirements code change that will take place after March 2025 addresses embodied carbon. …“As mandates and requirements start to show up around limiting the emissions from embodied carbon,” she said, “I think the fact that the BC Building Code is allowing more mass timber will help support teams in achieving those targets.”

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305 Feet Tall Residential Project To Be Built In Sugar House

By Cathy McKitrick
Utah Stories
February 12, 2024
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: United States, US West

SALT LAKE CITY — This once quaint neighborhood could soon compete with Salt Lake City’s downtown for sun-blocking skyscrapers packed with high-density housing. In January 2023, Build Salt Lake reported that Harbor Bay Ventures had plans to redevelop the old Wells Fargo site at 1095 East 2100 South into a massive residential project that could reach 305 feet in height if a zoning change to the community’s 2005 master plan gets approval. …Illinois-based Harbor Bay Ventures teamed with the private equity Bascom Group out of Irvine, California for this project that aims to bring the first mass timber residential building to the Salt Lake City area. …“Salt Lake City is experiencing a housing crisis that demands a bold response,” the letter said. “The proposed zoning map amendment will permit the development of a unique mass timber mixed-use project that is focused on sustainability. 

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Could your next home be made of hemp?

By Sarah Wesseler
Yale Climate Connections
February 12, 2024
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: United States, US East

In a recent book about natural building materials, the firm LTL Architects discussed the growing problem of fossil-fuel-derived products in residential construction… from vinyl floors and siding to plastic lumber. …For a small but growing community of building professionals, part of the solution lies in an unlikely source: hemp. Ryan Doherty, of the U.S. Hemp Building Association, said hemp can be used in a wide variety of building products, from outdoor cladding to acoustic panels. …In the US, the field has been stunted by the long prohibition on growing hemp stemming from the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937. This ban was reversed in the 2018 Farm Bill… but confusion around the relationship between marijuana and hempcrete still affects the industry. Although hemp building materials have no psychoactive properties, “everyone thinks that we can smoke the house,” he said. Fewer than 100 hemp homes have been built in the US.

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Summer Games: Paris 2024 unveils only purpose-built Olympics venue in city

The Associated Press in Business Standard
February 12, 2024
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: International

PARIS — Amid the buzz of anticipation for the 2024 Olympics, organizers and Paris City Hall officials inaugurated the first and only purpose-built site in the French capital for this summer’s Games. The Adidas Arena at Porte de la Chapelle is ready and “operational about five months before the Games begin, officials said. It is being touted as showcasing the city’s readiness and commitment to both the global sporting community and its residents. The facility, costing about $150 million and requiring 1,500 tons of steel, required organisers to secure materials from alternative sources amid supply issues caused by Russia’s war in Ukraine. Officials say it is also a symbol of the city’s desire to host a sustainable games, having been built with recycled materials and wood and featuring a green roof. …Other major construction work for 2024 includes the Olympic Village and the swimming pool, both north of the city.

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What Advantages Do Cross-Laminated Timber Structures Offer in Modern Architecture?

By Reginald Davey
AZO Build
February 12, 2024
Category: Wood, Paper & Green Building
Region: International

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively recently developed construction material that is growing in popularity in some sections of the construction industry. …This variation of one of the oldest building materials in the world – timber – has its origins in the work of German engineer Julius Natterer in the 1970s. …CLT possesses some noteworthy benefits for architects and project managers. Firstly, its aesthetic qualities make it an exceptionally beautiful building material. Secondly, if constructed properly, it has excellent strength and dimensional stability. Another benefit of CLT is that it is much lighter than other structural materials, such as steel and concrete. Whilst not as fireproof as concrete, CLT does have some fireproofing capabilities. During a fire, the outer layer chars, protecting the internal layers for a period of time.

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Forestry

World’s globetrotting animals at risk due to habitat loss, climate change

By Benjamin Shingler
CBC News
February 12, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada, International

During its nesting season, the marbled murrelet, known affectionately among bird watchers as a “strange, mysterious little seabird,” lays a single egg in the thick mosses that grow on the branches of British Columbia’s old-growth forest canopy. With some of those forests under threat from logging, the small black-and-brown mottled seabird is considered threatened, too. The marbled murrelet is among a growing number of migratory species animals facing a perilous future, a new UN report found. …A report by a United Nations conservation group released Monday on the state of the world’s migratory species found the threats to these animals, ranging from fish to birds to butterflies, are greater than ever. …Along with habitat loss, other human-caused impacts such as over-exploitation, pollution and climate change are making it harder for migratory species to survive, the report found.

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Canadian Geographic and friends plant guerrilla mini-forest on the doorstep of Globe Forum Convention in Vancouver

By Royal Canadian Geographical Society
Cision Newswire
February 13, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada, Canada West

VANCOUVER, BC – A remarkably powerful and timely innovation in urban forestry – the mighty Mini-Forest will be planted outside the Globe Forum at the Vancouver Convention Centre this week. Densely planted these native-species of trees and shrubs, grow faster, acting as urban oases and carbon sponges. Canadian Geographic and the Network of Nature partners are advocating for the establishment of these tiny forests in demonstration plots in communities across Canada. In its second year, the Network of Nature’s Mini-Forest initiative, after undertaking a series of pilot Mini-Forest plantings in 2023, developing training resources and communities of practice and experimenting with monitoring technologies, has attracted champions in communities from across the country who, with the required financial support, are prepared to help advance a national network of Mini-Forests.

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University of Northern BC research team gets $1.5 million to study glyphosate

By Hanna Petersen
Prince George Citizen
February 12, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada, Canada West

Lisa Wood

Prof. Lisa Wood and her team at the University of Northern British Columbia have been awarded a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Alliance grant worth more than $1.5 million, with partner in-kind contributions for a five-year project, to study the effects of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) residues on ecosystem health. The grant is a first for UNBC and only awarded to projects addressing significant societal challenges. “This knowledge is urgently needed, given the large-scale use and persistence of GBH in the natural systems humans and wildlife rely on for high quality ecosystems services, like air and water quality, climate moderation and food sources,” said Wood. …“Canadians will benefit from the research conducted by better understanding the extent of the impact of GBH on forest systems,” said Wood. “Our partner organizations will use this information to support their mandates and advocate for updates to policy, where warranted.”

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Thrown for a looper: Inside the city’s emergency contract for Stanley Park logging

By Bob Mackin
Vancouver is Awesome
February 12, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada, Canada West

Top bureaucrats inside Vancouver city hall secretly approved spending $2.1 million last summer to remove tens of thousands of Stanley Park trees due to the Hemlock looper moth outbreak. Deputy city manager Karen Levitt rubber stamped the emergency request on Aug. 8 from Colin Knight in the finance department… Knight estimated $2.02 million for euphemistic “operational treatments” between Sept. 1 and Dec. 31 on 39 hectares around the Stanley Park Causeway and Stanley Park Railway. During the same time period, “prescriptions” on 55 hectares around the railway, Prospect Point, Brockton Point, Vancouver Aquarium and the steep area above the seawall, for $55,000. …“It is the goal of this project to maximize the number of removals as part of this initial phase of a multi-year program to reduce the risk to public safety and potential for forest fires,” it said. “Any changes to the project phases, timelines and deliverables may be amended with prior Park Board approval.”

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B.C. South Coast mountains receive much-needed snowfall amid drought concerns

By Kristi Gordon
Global News
February 11, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada, Canada West

Much-needed snow is falling across the B.C. South Coast and Southern Interior mountains Sunday. The snowfall comes after the province reported the snowpack is at 61 per cent of normal with the South Coast mountains recording only 30 to 47 per cent of seasonal averages. This well-below-normal snowpack is raising concerns about drought heading into the spring and summer months. Ten to 20 centimetres of snow is expected in the mountains Sunday through Monday morning. …A snowfall warning is in effect for Whistler, Central and Northern Okanagan, South Thompson, West Columbia and East Kootenay regions.

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Park board releases report from Stanley Park logging contractor after complaint

Bob Mackin
Vancouver is Awesome
February 12, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada, Canada West

The Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation says it has not accounted for thousands of trees cut down in Stanley Park. A Feb. 9 letter from freedom of information manager Kevin Tuerlings said “our office has confirmed with Park Board staff that there are no records responsive to your request for an inventory of trees designated for removal.” On Nov. 29, the park board announced that 160,000 trees would be chopped because of the Hemlock looper moth infestation and fears of a wildfire. In September, it hired forestry consultancy B.A. Blackwell and Associates on an emergency, no-bid contract. …A reporter applied Nov. 22 for the tree inventory, tree removal plan and arborist’s report, but the city sent a $450 invoice almost a month later… Tuerlings notified a reporter by email that the Blackwell report had been published on the city’s website, titled “Stanley Park Hemlock Looper Impact and Wildfire Risk Assessment”.

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Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry tracks lack of snow before new forest fire season

By Gary Rinne
The Thunder Bay News Watch
February 12, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: Canada, Canada East

DRYDEN — The lack of snow in the bush this winter “is certainly on our radar, for sure,” said Chris Marchand, a fire information officer at the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry’s regional forest fire management headquarters in Dryden. Northwestern Ontario has received much less snow than normal by this time of year. “There’s some discussion of how this could affect things, but at the same time, looking more than 10 days into the future and betting on the weather is a bit of a dangerous game,” Marchand said. He noted the forest fire season doesn’t officially begin until April 1. …According to the Lakehead Region Conservation Authority, the snow depth at various monitoring stations around the city was just over 20 cm at the beginning of February, or roughly half the long-term average.

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Global deforestation leads to more mercury pollution

By Adam Zewe
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
February 12, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: United States, International

About 10 percent of human-made mercury emissions into the atmosphere each year are the result of global deforestation, according to a new MIT study. The world’s vegetation, from the Amazon rainforest to the savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa, acts as a sink that removes the toxic pollutant from the air. However, if the current rate of deforestation remains unchanged or accelerates, the researchers estimate that net mercury emissions will keep increasing. “We’ve been overlooking a significant source of mercury, especially in tropical regions,” says Ari Feinberg, a former postdoc in the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society (IDSS) and lead author of the study. The researchers’ model shows that the Amazon rainforest plays a particularly important role as a mercury sink, contributing about 30 percent of the global land sink. Curbing Amazon deforestation could thus have a substantial impact on reducing mercury pollution.

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The Case for Destroying Old Forest Roads

By Ben Goldfarb
The Smithsonian Magazine
February 13, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: United States, US West

Adam Switalski

…The Montana hillside on which ecologist Adam Switalski and I now stood was a prime example of an unglamorous yet powerful tool for protecting our biodiversity—road removal, commonly known as road decommissioning. In the early 2000s, the Forest Service brought heavy machinery to this old logging road, ripping it up to permit new grasses, shrubs and trees to sprout from the stirred earth. Waist-high thimbleberry bushes now covered the slope, and Douglas fir seedlings plunged roots deep into the loosened soil. It seemed improbable that 30-ton logging trucks had ever trundled through here along a ribbon of asphalt-hard dirt. …Over the last two decades, Switalski has guided road restoration’s best practices and demonstrated its value for species as diverse as black bears and cutthroat trout. 

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Woodland firestarters gather at Fort Stewart for second year to harvest data, best practices from local prescribed burns

By Kevin Larson
US Army
February 12, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: United States, US East

…Three aircraft and a contingent of more than 100 wildland fire management professionals and scientists on the ground with research tools, are part of the Integrated Research Management Team, a collaborative effort between the U.S. Forest Service, the Department of Defense, and various wildland fire research and educational intuitions—some as far away as Spain—coming to Fort Stewart to study its prescribed burn program. James Furman, the U.S. Forest Service’s liaison to the Department of Defense’s wildland fire management program, said the research at Fort Stewart is important for helping wildland fire experts across the nation learn more about smoke and fire behavior from a program that is a recognized nationwide expert. …The U.S. Forest Service team will take the data collected and create next-generation fire behavior models to better learn how to manage prescribed fires and prevent wildfires, not only in the southeast but across the United States.

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$15 million land purchase to protect 8,000 acres of America’s Amazon in south Alabama

By Dennis Pillion
Alabama.com
February 12, 2024
Category: Forestry
Region: United States, US East

At the top of America’s Amazon, nearly 8,000 acres of Alabama’s most sensitive and ecologically important land is being preserved forever, thanks to a multi-million dollar collaboration involving The Nature Conservancy in Alabama, Patagonia, and an undisclosed donor. The Nature Conservancy in Alabama says it has closed a $15 million+ deal to buy 7,990 acres in Clarke County at the head of the Mobile-Tensaw Delta, often called America’s Amazon for its remarkable biodiversity and wildlife. “This is one of the most important conservation victories that we’ve ever been a part of,” said Mitch Reid, state director for The Nature Conservancy in Alabama. …The Delta, a web of interconnected swamps, bayous, rivers and streams, contains an almost unparalleled number of species of fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, plants and mammals.

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Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy

Canada’s Forest Sector Unveils Roadmap Toward Net-Zero at GLOBE Forum 2024

Forest Products Association of Canada
February 13, 2024
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: Canada

As global leaders representing government, business and the environment meet in Vancouver this week, Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC) has launched an important report entitled; Climate Change Mitigation in Canada’s Forest Products Sector: Roadmap Toward Net-Zero. Developed in partnership with sustainability experts at Delphi, the report provides an actionable roadmap to help seize the benefits of, decarbonization pathways and the use of carbon-storing wood products, as well as climate-smart forestry in the face of worsening natural disturbances including drought, pest outbreaks, and wildland fire. The findings highlight that with the rapid adoption of new technologies, appropriate investments and new policies, Canada’s forest products sector could contribute between 18-46 million tonnes CO2e in emission reductions annually (relative to current emissions) by 2050. Climate-smart forestry practices will also increase the resilience of Canada’s forests and help mitigate the impacts of worsening natural disturbances, including increasingly frequent and devastating wildfires.

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Drum Dryers Symposium: Save the Date!

By Gordon Murray, Executive Director
The Wood Pellet Association of Canada
February 12, 2024
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: Canada

Drum dryers present the risk of fires and explosions due to combustible dust, as well as conditions that can lead to the generation and accumulation of combustible gas.  Join us for this online symposium as we explore best practices for safer operations of drum dryers. The Wood Pellet Association of Canada is hosting the online event on Thursday, April 4, 2024, from 9:00-11:00 am Pacific Time (1:00-3:00 am Atlantic Time). Both drum dryers and belt dryers are widely used in the wood pellet industry as well in other sectors, including oriented strand board, medium density fibreboard, grain, and minerals. The symposium will include presentations from producers and subject matter experts on learnings and experiences, the current state of and new approaches to drum dryer safety. …We encourage personnel at wood pellet facilities that operate drum dryers to attend the event. 

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How a 95-year-old Wisconsin sawmill used wood chips, bark to sell electricity back to the grid

By Becky Jacobs
The Post Crescent
February 13, 2024
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: United States, US East

ROLLING, Wisconsin — A 95-year-old sawmill business in northeastern Wisconsin can now generate enough power from burning bark and wood chips that it has started selling excess electricity back to the grid. In fact, if Kretz Lumber Co., Inc. wasn’t using its new system to power the operations at the sawmill, it could support an estimated 225 to 240 homes, according to president Troy Brown. Kretz Lumber is an employee-owned business made up of about 85 people. …The boiler system started up in June. It burns byproducts from the sawmill to create heat, through steam lines, for the lumber dry kilns, Brown said. The equipment is fueled by “woody biomass,” Brown said. …The company received a total of $1.5 million from state and federal grants, including from the Wood Innovations Grant, Energy Innovation Grant Program and Wisconsin’s Focus on Energy.

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Germany’s proposed biomass strategy poorly received by industry

Bioenergy Insight
February 13, 2024
Category: Carbon, Climate & Bioenergy
Region: International

The German government’s national biomass strategy will identify pathways for 2030 and 2045, and focus on “how the sustainable production and use of biomass can serve as a building block for the necessary transformation of our economic system and, in the long term, for achieving climate protection and biodiversity targets as well as the energy transition”. The strategy is based on findings from various scientific institutions, which have shown that the country’s biomass potential is limited, but that demand will grow hugely in view of the climate targets. If the sector continues to operate as is, biomass demand for energy use would outstrip domestic supply by 70% in 2030. This would be 40% in 2045. The biomass strategy’s success is dependent on targets for wind and solar energy and a hydrogen drive to succeed, because biomass can only replace fossil fuels to a certain extent.

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